Showing posts with label Dental Anatomy. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Dental Anatomy. Show all posts

Friday, 4 November 2011

Cusp-Fossa/groove relationship

Mesiolingual cusp of any Maxillary Molar will be in relationship with Central fossa of the corresponding Mandibular Molar
 
Only Mandibular first molar has 2 facial grooves - Mesiofacial b/w mesiofacial and distofacial cusp.
Distofacial b/w distofacial and distal cusp.
 
Rest two mandibular molars have only 1 facial groove present b/w mesiofacial and distofacial cusp.

Mesiofacial cusp of Maxillary first molar will lie in Facial (Mesiofascial) groove of Mandibular first molar.

Mesiofacial cusp of 2nd and 3rd maxillary molar will also lie in facial groove of corresponding mandibular molar.

Distofacial cusp of first Max molar will lie in distofacial groove of mand first molar

Distofacial cusp of 2nd max molar will lie in the facial embrasure of 2nd and 3rd mand molar

Distolingual cusp of 1st max molar will lie on the distal marginal ridge of 1st mand molar and mesial marginal ridge of 2nd Mand molar. (Similar for the 2nd max molar)

Distofacial cusp of any mand molar will lie in the central fossa of the corresponding maxillary tooth.

Mesiofacial cusp of the first mand molar will lie on the mesial marginal ridge of max 1st molar and distal marginal ridge of 2nd max premolar. (Similar for the 2nd and 3rd mand molar)

Mesiolingual cusp of 1st mandibular molar will lie in the lingual embrasure of 1st max molar and 2nd max premolar. (Similar for 2nd and 3rd mand molars).

Distolingual cusp of the 1st mand molar will lie in the lingual groove of 1st max molar. (Similar for 2nd and 3rd Mand molars)

1st max Premolar buccal cusp lies in the Facial embrasure of 1st and 2nd mand premolar. (Similar for 2nd max premolar)

Lingual cusp of both maxillary premolars lie on the distal marginal ridge of the corresponding mand premolar)

1st mand premolar buccal cusp lies on the distal marginal ridge of max canine and mesial marginal ridge of 1st premolar. (Similar for 2nd mand premolar)
 

Lingual cusps of mand premolars do not occlude





By Amit Mongia 

Important questions for DENTAL ANATOMY and HISTOLOGY


DENTAL ANATOMY AND ORAL HISTOLOGY
( EITHER THE QUESTIONS CAN BE ASKED AS SHORT NOTES OR LONG QUESTIONS )

DENTAL ANATOMY

Physiologic tooth form in relation to mastication

Diff. b/w primary and permanent teeth

Concepts of occlusion

System of tooth notation

Muscles of mastication

Anatomy of TMJ with diagram


Mesial migration

Leeway space of Nance

Maxillary air sinus

Extra cranial course of facial nerve

movement

Root formation in maxillary first molar permanent

Chronology of permanent and deciduous dentition

Embrasures and spillways

FDI system of nomenclature

Occlusion at 9 years of age

Nerve supply to maxillary and mandibular teeth

Compensatory curves

Ideal proximal contact

Eruption diagram at 10 years of age

Point angles and line angles

Occlusion in mixed dentition

Universal system of nomenclature

Primate spaces

Curve of Spee , Wilson and monsoon

IMPORTANT TEETH / ASPECTS / SURFACES / DIFFERENCES

Permanent maxillary first molar – all aspects

Diff. b/w permanent maxillary central and lateral incisors

Permanent maxillary canine – all aspects

Root formation In permanent maxillary first molar

Diff. b/w maxillary first pre-molar and mandibular first pre-molar

Diff. b/w maxillary / mandibular canine

Occlusal aspect of maxillary first pre-molar

Occlusal aspect of maxillary first molar

ORAL HISTOLOGY

Life cycle of ameloblasts

PDL and its functions , development

Incremental lines in hard dental tissues

Morphological and histological differences b/w primary and permanent teeth

Theories of dentine hypersensitivity

Lamina dura

Fate of dental lamina

Bell stage and advanced bell stage of tooth development

Age changes in pulp

Classification of dentine

Str. Of enamel rods

HERS – hertwig epithelial root sheath

Dental lamina

Pulp stones

Taste buds

Submandibular salivary glands

Functions of pulp

CEJ

Histology of mucous membrane with diagram

Histology of maxillary air sinus

Development of oral cavity

Age changes in dentine

Transparent dentine (sclerotic dentine)

Diff. b/w enamel pulp and enamel spindle

Anomalies during histophysiologic stages of tooth development

Classify oral mucosa

Developmental stages of tooth development

Classify salivary glands

Composition and functions of saliva

Reparative dentine

Apposition and maturation of dentine
Histology of gingival tissues

Exfoliation of deciduous teeth

Development , mode of attachment , and age changes in epithelial attachment

Histology of alveolar process

Diff . b/w alveolar bone and cementum

Tooth eruption and shedding

Clinical points of pulp

Keyhole arrangement of enamel rods

Theories of eruption

Vermillion border of lip

Diff. b/w cellular and acellular cementum

Sharpey’s fibres

Papillae of tongue

Diff. b/w dentinogenesis and amelogenesis

Enamel lamellae

DEJ

Principal fibres of PDL

Basket cells

Histology of alveolar bone

Although every care has been taken to prepare the above preparation but there is no guarantee that the next examination will be set according to this preparation and it is sole dependence on the examiner that what question he/she would like to ask in theory paper , the above preparation only guides as the questions that were asked in previous year papers and the questions that are academically important

Dr. Vinay has received prime minister's scholarship for BDS, Indian dental assocaiation scholarship for BDS. He is the author of the book - "most important questions in oral pathology", published more than 25 case studies in journals of Indian dental association 15 publications in other dental magazines.

Saturday, 3 September 2011

6 tips to improve your tooth carving

Picture
STEP 1. Read and understand the tooth anatomy

  • Before your guide gives you the demonstration- first thing you must do is read the anatomy of that tooth. If you will go empty mind its difficult to absorb anything from demo.
  • While reading the anatomy make point wise notes of the each surface of tooth. Facial, lingual, Mesial etc.
  • My favorite book for dental anatomy is Wheeler's Dental Anatomy. please use it. its a standard.
  • Don't rely on memory keep this notes and Wheeler's book beside you while you are carving the tooth.

STEP 2. Get proper instruments       

  • Get a good quality Lecron carver for yourself. While buying the carver check for the sharpness of carver, don't take blunt carver.
  • A Metal scale ruler is best for measuring dimensions, vernier caliper can also be used for perfection
  • Take good quality of carving wax it should neither be too soft or too hard. too soft will be distorted and too hard will be difficult to carve. 
STEP 3. Keep an ideally carved tooth in front of you

  • Ask some one like your Teacher or fellow classmate or Senior Who are good at carving to do an Ideal tooth carving for you, This have two benefits- 
  • 1. You have an Ideal carving to look and learn,
  • 2.You get a extra Demo when you see your friend or senior carving the tooth. If no body is there to carve for you then get an Extracted tooth. 



Step 4. Start Carving

  • At the time when you start carving you should have good understanding of the anatomy of the tooth.
  • Start with gross carving of different surfaces - starting with facial then lingual, then mesial and distal, occlusal being the last.
  • While doing the gross carving keep measurements 1mm greater then what is needed this 1mm will be used in fine carving and finishing. 
  • After doing the gross carving, go for the fine carving for producing the details
  • Wipe the finished tooth with a piece of gauze. be careful not to apply pressure.

Step 5. Remove Distraction & Concentrate 


  • Find a comfortable place where there is least distraction.Carving needs lots of concentration,observation and learning don't take it casually.

Step 6. Do Imaginary carving

  • Just take a wax block and carve what ever comes in your mind, keep a model in front of you or just imagine and carve a sculpture.
  • This need not to be perfect or amazing, I ask you to do this because it have following benefits.
  • 1.You don't have to be perfect or follow any measurement so you carve with more relaxed mood. It will keep up the interest of carving.
  • 2.Yo start to learn the properties of wax- how much pressure to apply and how to remove and cut wax. what to do what not to do. its a basic process of learning.


 Practice, Practice, Practice

  • Keep on trying and practicing to carve, It can not be mastered in one day,
  • More you carve better you get.
  • When you practiced enough with certain tooth, help your friends if they ask for it, Don't carve to complete their quota but give them demo and share your learning. 


Written by Dr. Paresh Soni
Dr. Paresh Soni is a dentist by profession and administrator of two websites-http://drpulp.com/ and http://dentaldiagnosis.in/ . 

Monday, 29 August 2011

TOOTH MORPHOLOGY


Biggest, Tallest, Widest, Best, Only, Fastest, and Most Likely Teeth:

The widest mesio-distally: mandibular first molar
The widest ANTERIOR mesio-distally: maxillary central
The only tooth with a pulp wider mesio-distally than facio-lingually: maxillary central
The widest facio-lingually:  maxillary first molar
The widest ANTERIOR facio-lingually:  maxillary canine
The only tooth that is narrower facially than lingually: maxillary first molar
The tallest tooth inciso-gingivally:
#1= maxillary canine

#2= mandibular canine


The tallest crown inciso-gingivally:
#1= mandibular canine

#2= maxillary central

#3= maxillary canine

The longest root inciso-gingivally: maxillary canine

The most symmetrical: mandibular central
The smallest: mandibular central
The narrowest mesio-distally: mandibular central
The narrowest and smallest-rooted pre-molar: mandibular first

The most congenitally malformed or missing:
#1= third molars

#2= maxillary lateral

The pre-molar most likely to be congenitally missing= mandibular second pre-molar
The best developed lingual anatomy: maxillary lateral
The most likely to have dens-in-dente: maxillary lateral

The greatest constriction from pulp chamber to canals: maxillary first pre-molar
The pre-molar most likely to have 1 root and 1 canal: mandibular second
The anterior tooth most likely to have a bifurcated root: mandibular canine

The only tooth with 2 triangular ridges on 1 cusp: maxillary first molar
The only tooth with a mesio-lingual groove: mandibular first pre-molar
The only tooth with a root that is inclined mesially: mandibular canine

The only teeth with crown concavities:
maxillary first pre-molar (mesial)

maxillary first molar (distal)


The only teeth with a longer mesial cusp slope than distal:
maxillary first pre-molar

primary maxillary canine

Glossary of Dental Morphology - Axial Contours, Proximal Contacts Embrasures and Primary Dentition




Each tooth contacts adjacent teeth on both of its proximal surfaces except

Third Molars

Generally contact areas are more facially/distally located

facially

The proximal contact that involves the mesial of 2 different teeth is found wheret

between both max and mand central incisors

Proximal contacts lend support to what aspect of the dental arch
entire dental arch

give the incisocervical location of the max and mand cent, lateral and canines

IJ, JM, JM
II, II, IM

What is the name of the gentle curve formed if you connect the proximal contacts of the posterior teeth in 1 quadrant

Curve of Spee

The lingual inclination of the mand post teeth and the buccal inclination of the maxillary teeth for what curve
Curve of Wilson


MM, MM, MM, MM, M - maxillary
MM, MM, MM, MM, M - mandibular

Summarize the contacts of an entire quadrant with respect to occluso/inciso cervical location
IJ, JM, JM, MM, MM, MM, MM, M - maxillary
II, II, IM MM, MM, MM,MM, M - mandibular
What are the general rules in regards to the proximal contact incis/occlusocervical relation of the teeth in a quadrant
1. The more anterio the tooth, the more incisal/occlussal the proximal contact is

2. For any tooth, the mesial contact area is always more toward the incisal/occlusal surface than the distal
The interdental papilla generally has what shape
triangular
(PS- In 3D view, Pyramidal shape for Anterior teeth and Tent shaped for Posterior teeth, Added by Kumar Anshul)
In healthy mouths the saggy tentlike area of tissue in the interproximal area is called
Col
What are the 3 types of embrasures
Incisal/occlusal, lingual, and facial

IN CLASS WILSON SPOKE OF A FOURTH CALLED THE GINGIVAL WHICH IS OPPOSITE THE INCISAL/OCCLUSAL
What provides a natural spillway to help move food out of the occlusal area during chewing
Embrasure - they also help expose teeth to oral fluids and mechanical cleansing action of tongue, lips and cheeks

Besides facial and lingual embrasures being confluent(indistinguishable) from the interdental area, it is also confluent with what other structure
The occlusal/incisal embrasure
In the anterior teeth, the lingual and facial embrasures are roughly _________ and the posterior teeth embrasures have facial embrasures that are __________ compared to the lingual ones
equal in depth, shallower
An imaginary line circling the tooth at its greatest bulger or circumference is called
Height of Contour
The proximal contacts lie which direction of the HOC
On the HOC

The facial and lingual contacts are best seen from what view of a tooth
proximal

Where are anterior teeth have facial and lingual HOC's usually located incisocervically where

cervical 1/3 of crown

Where are the lingual HOCs of all posterior teeth located
Middle 1/3

Where are the facial HOCs of all posterior teeth
Cervical 1/3

All max teeth exhibit facial and lingual contours that meausre how big

1/2 mm

what is the measurement of the HOCs for sll the mand anterior teeth

< 1/2 mm

what is the measurement of the facial HOCs for the mand posteriors

1/2 same as that for max posteriors

What is the measure of the lingual HOCs on the mand posteriors

1mm

the flat line from the cervical line to HOC is called?
emergence profile

What kind of emergence profile can give a halo effect around the tooth gingiva
Convex Emergence Profile

What are the functions of the embrasures and proximal contacts working together
Support arch, move food out of occlusal area which also prevents food impaction, protect the peridontium, distribute forces of masitcation

Is the gingival or incisal/occlusal embrasure always larger
gingival

As you move from the centerline of the arch posteriorly, which embrasure gets smaller and which gets larger, Incisal/Occlusal or Gingival
Gingival gets smaller, incisal gets larger

The proximal surface of a tooth is always _______ or ________ but never ________ below the contact are
a
concave, flat, but never convex

what is the only tooth that has a mesial concavity
max 1st premolar

Where is the contact on ant teeth located faciolingually
closed to middle more facial if its not

Which facial cusps are slightly more centered than the other, mandibular or maxillary
Mandibular facial cusps are generally more centered

If you restore a tooth and the embrasure spaces are too small what can happen

you empenge on the interdental papilla and can cause inflammation

T or F permanent dentition has thicker enamel and dentin than the primary dentition
T

Which dentiton has more pronounced pulp horns, primary or permanent

Primary

Does the primary or permanent dentition have longer roots in relation to the crown size
primary

T or F the roots in posterior primary teeth do not tend to flare that much
F, they flare out alot more

Where does the permanent tooth root bud tend to sit in relation to the primary tooth

It sits in between the area that is formed by the 'flaring" out of the roots

T or F primary teeth are more prone to inflammation due to high number of cell turnovers
F, although they have a more bulbous apperance which would tend to cause inflamation the high turnover limits inflammation

What permanent tooth do the primary 2nd molars resemble
permanent 1st molars

Which primary tooth has a distinctive mesial-facial bulge
Primary 1st molars

When a primary tooth exfoliates normally, what is a characteristic of its root
usually theres no root because it is resorbed which enables tooth to fall out

T or F the primary teeth dont act like space maintainers for the permanent teeth
F

Primary teeth tend to appear more bulbous than permanent teeth due to what
Constriction at the CEJ

Which dentition has smaller facial and lingual HOCs, the permanent or primary
permanent have smaller HOC
HOCs on primary teeth sometimes called cervical or gingival ridge

Which central incisors usually preced the others in eruption in the primary dentition
the mandibs usually erupt before maxillary

What cause the primary teeth to appear to be whiter than permanent teeth
less dense dentin, remember dentin gives tooth yellow/brownish color

The primary maxillary central incisor is wider in which direction mesiodistally or incisocervicaly
mesiodistally, this is disimilar to the permanent dentition.

This wider mesiodistal characteristic is true for all anterior teeth in the primary dentition

The primary max central has how many lobes and pulp horns
4 lobes, 3 horns

Which of the two max incisors which is wider mesiodistally
Central is wider than lateral

Which primary max incisor has the more prominent cingulum
Central, but the lateral has more prominent marginal ridges

When looking at a proximal view of the primary ant teeth, they tend to have their incisal edges what in relation to the longitudinal axis of the too
They tend to have incisal edge centered on the longitudinal axis. This is opposite of the permanent ant teeth

On the primary mand incisors is the lingual anatomy less/more distinct than that of the primary max incisors
less distinct on primary mand incisors

Which tooth has the great incisocervical lenght, the primary mand lateral or central

lateral is longer and slightly wider too

Which primar mand incisor has a longer root
the lateral has longer root than central

Which cusp ridge is longest on the primar max canine
the mesial

NOTE on the primary mand the distal cusp ridge is longer

What are the 3 horns of the primary max canine named
distal, central(largest), mesial(smallest)

Which primary canine is wider mesiodistally
maxillary

What is the general outline of the primary max 1st molar
triangular

how many cusps does the more common form of the primary max 1st molar have
Generally 3(lacks distolingual) but can have 4

On 4 cusp version distolingual is smalles cusp

T or F the oblique ridge found in max molars of the permanent dentition is also found on primary max molars

T however on the 3 cusped version the oblique ridge blends with the distal marginal ridge (oblique ridge runs from DF to ML cusps)

Which cusp is largest and longest of the 2 facial cusps on primary max 1st molar
Mesiofacial

Which cusp on the primary max 1st molar is the largest overall

mesiolingual

Whats is the name of the groove that separates the mesiolingual and distolingual cusp(if present) on primary max 1st molar
distolingual groove

T or F  Which  primary max 1st molar has the same number and arrangement of cusps as does the permanent max 1st molar
T, the names are the distofacial, lingual, mesiofacial roots

The size of the 3 roots on primary max 1st molar are from biggest to littlest
lingual, mesiofacial, distofacial

The primary 2nd max molar resembles which permanent tooth

permanent max 1st molar, it is rhomboid shaped occlusally and the facioingual measurement is greater than the mesiodistal measurement

which primary max molar is largest
2nd

how many cusps does the primary max 2nd molar generally have
generally 4 but can have 5th(cusp of carabelli)

Which of the 4 primary cusps on the primary max 2nd molar are widest and smallest
ML is largest, DL is smallest

The longest cusp on the primary max 2nd molar is the
ML, the other 3 are roughly equal length

How many roots and pulp horns does the primary max 2nd molar have
3 roots, and either 4 or 5 horns depending on number of cusps

What is the relationship of the faciolingual measurement of the primary mand 1st molar that makes it different
its very small measurement in faciolingual direction

on the primary mand 1st molar describe the cusp tips size relationships
both the lingual and facial mesial cusps are wider/longer than their distal counterparts

NOTE mesiofacial cusp slightly larger than mesiolingual

T or F the primary max molarss have a transverse ridge across the occlusal surface while the primary mand 1st molar has an oblique ridge on its occlusal surface

F, the maxillaries have oblique ridge and mand 1st has transverse ridge

How many roots do the primary mand 1st molars have
2 just like the permanent mand molars
mesial and distal, mesial is bigger and usually has 2 canals
The primary mand 2nd molar closely resembles what permanent tooth
mand 1st molar
difference is that primary 2nd has more bulbous appearance and is smaller relative size
The primary mand 2nd molar is distinguished by its mesiodistal measurement being what
greater than its faciolingual measurement

How many cusps does the primary mand 2nd molar have
5, the DF is the longest

How do the lingual cusps of the primary 2nd molar compare to each other as far as size goes
pretty equal

What cusps is the facial pit of the primary mand 2nd molar located between
MF and DF

Which primary mand molar has the larger roots
2nd has larger roots

How many canals are in the mesial root of the primary mand molars usually
2

By Jamshid Mubarak